# North Dakota Ethnobotany Database

Compiled from literature sources
version 1.0

Scientific name | Family | English common name | Native common names | General use | Specific uses | Reference
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Abronia fragrans | Nyctaginaceae | snowball sand verbena | NA | Medicinal | Remedy for stomachache, constipation, and various insect stings | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 224
Acer negundo | Sapindaceae | boxelder | Tashkada: Dakota, adjagobi' muk:Ojibwe | Main, medicinal, other | This tree was also used for sugar making by tribes, sap is mixed with sugar maple sap to drink as a beverage. Wood made into charcoal and used for ceremonial painting and tattooing | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 49; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 353, 394; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 39
Acer rubrum | Sapindaceae | red maple | cicigime'wic:Ojibwe, Cacagobi' muk:Ojibwe | Ornamental, medicinal, main, technical | Furnish designs, boiled the leafs for tea to cure sore eyes. Sap is used to make sugar. Tree is used as lumber for building material. Woods are used to carve | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 353, 412, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 40
Acer saccharinum | Sapindaceae | silver maple | Tahado: Dakota | Main, medicinal, technical | Many tribes used this plant to make sugar and certain dyes, cramps, anti-diarrheal, dermatological aid, hives, eye medicine. Wood is used for lumber | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 48-49; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 40
Acer saccharum | Sapindaceae | sugar maple | A'Nina'Tig:Ojibwe | Main, technical | Utility, sap is mixed with box elder sap to drink as a beverage | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 413, 394; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 41
Achillea millefolium | Compositae | common yarrow | wabigwon: Ojibwe, Xante canxlogan:Lakota, A'Djidamo'Wano:Ojibwe, adjidamo ajuk | Technical, Medicinal, Ornamental | Smoked for ceremonial purposes, spider bite, throat aid for singers, astringent, headaches, herb was used by the winnebago to bathe swellings. For ear ache a wad of the leaves, also the infusion, was put into the ear, most commonly used to treat coughing and throat irritations and to stop bleeding, burial ceremonies. Also used as a treatment for gonorrhea | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 299, 286, 336; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 82; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 16; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 362, 417; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 42
Achnatherum hymenoides | Gramineae | Indian ricegrass | NA | Main | Grain crop, used until corn matured | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 232
Acorus calamus | Acoraceae | calamus | Sinkpe-ta-wote:Dakota, Wiken; Na'Buguck':Ojibwe, Sunka ce:Lakota | Medicinal, ornamental, technical | Used as a cold remedy, and toothache remedy, aromatic stimulant, garlands, necklaces, and used in ceremonies for pleasant odor and mystic powers, used as scent bait for fish, rubbed on fishing nets | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 17-18;Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 299, 340; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 22;Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 238; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 428, 355; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 46; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 48
Actaea rubra | Ranunculaceae | red baneberry | Muckosija'Bosigun:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Emeto-purgative, parasiticide, gastrointestinal aid | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 299; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 382
Agastache foeniculum | Labiatae | blue giant hyssop | Wahpe' yata'pi:Lakota; Weza'Wunuckwuk:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main | Cough and chest pain | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 224; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 239; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 52; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 340
Allium canadense | Amaryllidaceae | meadow garlic | Pshi:Dakota | Main | Used as food relish | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 19
Allium cernuum | Amaryllidaceae | nodding onion | Cigaga wunj:Ojibwe | Main, medicinal | Used for food. Used as a liver aid juice for liver complaints | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 406. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 55
Allium stellatum | Amaryllidaceae | autumn onion | Muckode'Cigaga'Wunj:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Cold | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 340
Allium tricoccum | Amaryllidaceae | ramp | Siga'Gawung':Ojibwe; Bugwa djijica gowunj:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main | Emetic, used as a cold medicine, warm juice is used for earache. Young plants are boiled, fried and eaten | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 406; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 59
Alnus incana | Betulaceae | gray alder | Wadub':Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Astringent, emetic, coagulant, inner bark for dying a light yellow, blood medicine. Also used as a laxative and as a remedy for piles | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 299; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 358, 425; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 60
Amaranthus albus | Amaranthaceae | prostrate pigweed | Wahpemakayatapiyecca:Lakota; Kushutsi:Zuni | Main | Seeds as food source as well | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 18
Ambrosia artemisiifolia | Compositae | annual ragweed | Pexhuta pa:Dakota; Canhlogan wastemna, canhlogan onzipakinte, poipiye:Lakota | Medicinal | Remedy for nausea, tea to stop vomiting and cure bloody flux, applied tea to swellings | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 80, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 32; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 66
Ambrosia trifida | Compositae | great ragweed | Canloganwastemna:Lakota | Main | Seeds as food source as well | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 23
Amelanchier alnifolia | Rosaceae | Saskatoon serviceberry | Wipazuka, Okkunokin:Blackfoot; Hetanimins:Cheyenne | Main | Also used to make arrow shafts, ripe fruit cooked or dried, leaves dried for tea | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 35; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 27; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 37
Amorpha canescens | Leguminosae | leadplant | Te-huntonhi:Omahhas/ Poncas, Zitkatacan; Lakota | Medicinal, Main | Powdered leaves used to promote scab growth, stems used in cases of neuralgia and rheumatism, leaves dried for tea, roots for stomach pain | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 225; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 41; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 33; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.70
Amorpha fruticosa | Leguminosae | false indigo bush | Kitsuhast: Pawnee | Technical | Spread on the ground to keep meat clean | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 41
Amphicarpaea bracteata | Leguminosae | American hogpeanut | Bugwudj'Miskodi'Simin:Ojibwe, Makata omnicha: Dakota | Medicinal, Main | Beans are cooked for eating, physic, beans were eaten, fruits used as food, vegetable beans cooked, unspecified roots cooked although deemed of little importance | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 405; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289, Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 43; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 37; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 70
Anaphalis margaritacea | Compositae | western pearly everlasting | Wabigwun:Ojibwe | Ornamental, Medicinal | Perfume, powdered flowers sprinkled on coals and smoke inhaled to revive stroke victim | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 362; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 71; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 71
Andropogon gerardii | Gramineae | big bluestem | Muckode'Kanes:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Tea used to treat indigestion, and a bath made to treat fevers, diuretic, little boys pieced together to make arrows, indigestion, used by women to knit, little boys arrows, used by medicine man | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 226; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 72; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 342; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 16
Anemone canadensis | Ranunculaceae | Canadian anemone | NA | Medicinal | Root clears the throat to sing, for pain in lower back | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 382; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 72
Anemone cylindrica | Ranunculaceae | candle anemone | NA | Medicinal | Infusion of root taken for lung congestion and tuberculosis | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 72
Antennaria howellii | Compositae | Howell's pussytoes | Gagig bug | Medicinal | Tea to purge afterbirth | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 363
Antennaria parvifolia | Compositae | small-leaf pussytoes | Canhlo'gan hu wanji'la:Lakota | Medicinal, Main | Ingested in various ways to prevent illness, leaves were chewed like gum | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 227; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 239
Apios americana | Leguminosae | groundnut | Mdo:Dakota; Blo:Sioux | Main | Tubers were used for food by many tribes | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 46; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 77
Apocynum androsaemifolium | Apocynaceae | spreading dogbane | Sasa'Biwan; Ma'Kwona'Gicodji'Bok:Ojibwe; Wesa wuckwun,magosine cnakwuk:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Heart, earache, headache, baby cold, diuretic, soporific, emetic, cathartic, anti-thelmintic, used to make fiber, roots used in ceremonies | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 300, 336; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 354, 413, 428; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 78
Apocynum cannabinum | Apocynaceae | Indian hemp | Nape'oi'lekiyapi:Lakota; Beba'Mokodjibika'Gisn:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Tea as a laxative, a wash to prevent hair loss, cough | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 41; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 78
Aquilegia canadensis | Ranunculaceae | red columbine | NA | Medicinal | Used for stomach trouble | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 80
Aralia nudicaulis | Araliaceae | wild sarsaparilla | Wabos'Odji'Bik:Ojibwe, Bebamabi k:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Remedy for blood, also applied to sores, gentle stimulant, root soaked with sweet flag root to soak fishing net to use as scented bait, taken for fits | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 300, 340; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 355, 428; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 81-82
Arctium lappa | Compositae | greater burdock | NA | Medicinal | Used as blood medicine | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 84
Arctium minus | Compositae | lesser burdock | Wi'Sugibug':Ojibwe | Medicinal | Cough, diuretic, diaphoretic, alternative, used as a remedy of pleurisy. Stomach pain and tonic effect | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287, 300, 340; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 83; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 363; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 84
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi | Ericaceae | kinnikinnick | Saga'Kominagunj':Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Headache, antiseptic, diuretic, leaves were used for smoking like tobacco, used as wash for rheumatism | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287, 300, 336; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 56; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 87
Argemone polyanthemos | Papaveraceae | crested prickly poppy | To'kahu wahin'kpe on ziya'pi:Lakota; Pitsitcya:Comanches | Medicinal | Used as a cathartic, diaphoretic, and diuretic | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 228
Arisaema triphyllum | Araceae | Jack in the pulpit | Caca gomin:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Used for treating sore eyes, chronic bronchitis, asthma, fatuulent colic and rheumatism | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 17; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 355; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 100-101
Artemisia absinthium | Compositae | absinthe | Muse'Odji'Bik:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Tonic, stomachache, stimulant, febrifuge, anti-helmintic | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287, 300; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 92
Artemisia dracunculus | Compositae | tarragon | Bugiso'Win:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Dysentery, chewed root was put on clothes as a love charm. A handful dipped into warm water relieved fevers said a medicine man, topical irritant, diaphoretic | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287, 300, 325; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 82; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 96; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 96
Artemisia frigida | Compositae | prairie sagewort | Bi'Jikiwin'Guck:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Convulsions, hemorrhage, tonic, antidote, used for menstrual irregularity, soap, used for bathing and was taken internally when menstruation was irregular in women | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 96
Artemisia ludoviciana | Compositae | white sagebrush | Nokwe'Jigun:Ojibwe; Pezhihota blaska:Dakota; Pezhihota blaska:Sioux; Peji' ho'ta:Lakota | Medicinal | Omaha said it caused nosebleed but said it was used to relieve headache. Also used as a towel. Relieved stomach troubles. Had some sacred and evil powers as well. Tea for stomach troubles, constipation, inability to urinate and difficulty in childbirth, horse medicine, smoking tobacco | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 81; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 46; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 363, 417; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 97-98
Artemisia tridentata | Compositae | big sagebrush | NA | Medicinal | Unspecified | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 101
Asarum canadense | Aristolochiaceae | Canadian wild ginger | Name'Pin:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Indigestion, appetite stimulant, used to take muddy taste away from fish, used to flavor meat | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287, 300, 336; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 357; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 105
Asclepias incarnata | Apocynaceae | swamp milkweed | Bu'Giso'Win:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Alternative, anti-helmintic, cathartic, emetic | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287, 300; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 107
Asclepias pumila | Apocynaceae | plains milkweed | NA | Medicinal | Anti-diarrheal | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 107
Asclepias speciosa | Apocynaceae | showy milkweed | NA | Medicinal | Unspecified | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 108
Asclepias syriaca | Apocynaceae | common milkweed | Ini'Niwung:Ojibwe, Karipiku:Pawnee; Wahtha:Omaha | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Tonic, diuretic, alternative, emmenagogue, purgative, emetic, mature stocks used as pop gun wads, used in salt and vinegar, used in deer call to imitate hungry fawn call | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287, 300; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 57-58; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 54; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 357; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 109
Asclepias verticillata | Apocynaceae | whorled milkweed | NA | Medicinal | Gynecological aid to increase milk production | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 109
Asclepias viridiflora | Apocynaceae | green comet milkweed | NA | Medicinal | Anti-diarrheal | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 110
Astragalus canadensis | Leguminosae | Canadian milkvetch | Sunko' wasa'kala:Lakota | Technical, Medicinal, Main | Rattle for infants, tea from the root was used as a febrifuge for children, when eaten relieves coughing | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 39; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 64; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 240; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 113
Astragalus crassicarpus | Leguminosae | ground plum milkvetch | Ptetawote:Dakota; Tdikashande:Omaha | Main, medicinal | Plum-like fruits eaten when ripe, convulsions and hemorrhages from wound | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 60; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287, 336; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 113
Astragalus gracilis | Leguminosae | slender milkvetch | NA | Medicinal | Increase milk production | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.113
Athyrium filix-femina | Polypodiaceae | common ladyfern | NA | Medicinal | Healing power for sores, taenicide, urine stoppage, grated root used for sours | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 381; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287, 346, 300; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 115
Atriplex subspicata | Amaranthaceae | saline saltbush | NA | Main | Young stems and flower heads eaten | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 64
Betula papyrifera | Betulaceae | paper birch | Wi'Gwasa'Tig:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Pain in stomach | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.121
Betula pubescens | Betulaceae | downy birch | Wigwas :Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Bark is used for buckets, baskets, wigwam coverings, and canoes, innermost bark boiled and reddish dye extracted | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 358, 413, 425, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.121
Betula pumila | Betulaceae | bog birch | Bine micins:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Helps with child birth | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 359
Botrychium virginianum | Ophioglossaceae | rattlesnake fern | NA | Medicinal | Bites | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288
Bouteloua gracilis | Gramineae | blue grama | NA | Main | Seeds were eaten during prehistoric times | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 230
Callirhoe involucrata | Malvaceae | purple poppymallow | Pezhuta nantiaziia:Lakota, Dakota | Medicinal | Smoked for head colds and tea made for internal pains, anesthetic | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 229. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.129
Calochortus gunnisonii | Liliaceae | Gunnison's mariposa lily | psin tanka:Dakota | Main | Eaten raw or pounded fine and boiled | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 241
Caltha palustris | Ranunculaceae | yellow marsh marigold | O'Gite'Bug:Ojibwe, Chippewa | Medicinal | Scrofulous sores, used for skin problems, diuretic, emetic | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Botany, p. 131.
Campanula rotundifolia | Campanulaceae | bluebell bellflower | Zi'Gini'Ce:Ojibwe, Cree | Medicinal | Disease of ear, heart medicine | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.133
Capsella bursa-pastoris | Cruciferae | shepherd's purse | I'Ckode'Wadji'Bik:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Dysentery | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288
Carya ovata | Juglandaceae | shagbark hickory | Baga nako bagan:Ojibwe, mitigwaba'k: Ojibwe, Chippewa, Dakota | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Produces nuts, making bows, used for headache, makes soup | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 405, 419. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 139.
Castilleja coccinea | Orobanchaceae | scarlet Indian paintbrush | Winabojo' Noko'Mis Wi'Nizisun':Ojibwe, Chippewa | Medicinal | Rheumatism and disease of women, cold remedy | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.140.
Ceanothus herbaceus | Rhamnaceae | Jersey tea | NA | Medicinal | Coughs | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 340
Celastrus scandens | Celastraceae | American bittersweet | Bima'Kwud:Ojibwe, manidobima, Chippewa, Cree | Medicinal | Physic and eruptions, emetic, diaphoretic, alternative, urine stoppage, stomach trouble, cancer treatment, cathartic, skin problem, diuretic, anesthetic, gynecology | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288, 300, 346. Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 362. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.144.
Celtis occidentalis | Cannabaceae | common hackberry | Yamnumnugapi:Dakota | Aromatic and Psychoactive | Used the berries as a herb | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 24
Chamaesyce serpyllifolia | Euphorbiaceae | thymeleaf sandmat | Naze-ni pezhi: Omaha-Ponca | Medicinal | Decoction given to young mothers and drank to help remedy lack of milk flow | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 47
Chamerion angustifolium | Onagraceae | fireweed | Gijb'Inuskon':Ojibwe, Cree | Medicinal, Other | Bruise, tonic, astringent, demulcent, emollient, dermatological aid poultice of barked, macerated roots applied to boils, abscesses, or wounds to draw out the infection | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289,Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301,Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 210
Chenopodium album | Amaranthaceae | lambsquarters | Walipe toto:Dakota, Cree | Technical, medicinal | Was used to paint bow and arrows green, anti-rheumatic | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 26. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.152
Chenopodium berlandieri | Amaranthaceae | pitseed goosefoot | Kitsarius:Pawnee:Wahpe Toto:Dakota | Main | Young leaves eaten raw or cooked: seeds dried | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 79
Cicuta maculata | Umbelliferae | spotted water hemlock | apagwasi'gons: Ojibwe, Wanukons': Ojibwe, Chippewa, Cree | Ornamental, technical, aromatic | Smoked during hunting, deer bate, anti-rheumatic | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 390, 431. Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.160
Cirsium arvense | Compositae | Canada thistle | masa nuck | Medicinal | Diuretic | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 363
Cirsium undulatum | Compositae | wavyleaf thistle | Tsen:Comanches, Sengtson: Kiowa | Medicinal, Main | Tea from roots was made to treat gonorrhea, root boiled, leaves and flowers cooked | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 234. Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 84
Cirsium vulgare | Compositae | bull thistle | Ji' masa' nuck | Medicinal | Relieved stomach cramps | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 364
Citrullus lanatus | Cucurbitaceae | watermelon | Saka yutapi: Dakota | Main | It was eaten | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 68-69
Cleome serrulata | Cruciferae | Rocky Mountain beeplant | Wahpehehe:Lakota; Apilalu; Zuni | Main, medicinal | Leaves cooked, seeds ground into flour, used as a tea and a wrap in cases of stomach pain | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 91. Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 235
Comandra umbellata | Santalaceae | bastard toadflax | NA | Main | Fruits consumed raw | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 96
Comarum palustre | Rosaceae | purple marshlocks | NA | Medicinal, Main | Dysentery | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Conyza canadensis | Compositae | Canadian horseweed | Canhlo'gan was'te'mna iye'ecca:Lakota; Gabai'Kwuna'Tig:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Used to treat bowel pain and diarrhea, anesthetic use, gastrointestinal, stomach pain, and disease in women, diuretic, tonic, astringent, hunting charm to attract deer | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 236. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Botany, p.171; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301,Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 342, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 429
Cornus canadensis | Cornaceae | bunchberry dogwood | Caca'Gomin:Ojibwe, Chippewa, Cree | Main | Berries | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.175
Cornus racemosa | Cornaceae | gray dogwood | Meskwabi mic:Ojibwe | Aromatic and Psychoactive | Used in native smoking tobacco | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 399, 418
Cornus rugosa | Cornaceae | roundleaf dogwood | NA | Aromatic and Psychoactive | Smoked | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288
Cornus sericea | Cornaceae | redosier dogwood | Mis'Kwabi'Mic:Ojibwe, Chan Shasha-hinchake: Dakota | Medicinal, Technical | Eyes, used for smoking | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 288. Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 56
Corydalis aurea | Papaveraceae | scrambled eggs | tipotei,kwason;Ojibwe | Medicinal | Smoked inhaled to clear the head | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 370
Corylus americana | Betulaceae | American hazelnut | Bagan':Ojibwe, Uma:Dakota, Mukwobaga:Objibwe, Chippewa, Dakota | Main, Medicinal, Technical | Convulsions, nuts used as food, roots made to make black dye, used to make drum sticks, brooms, and brushes, anesthetic, makes soup | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289, 338. Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River Region, p.22. Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plaints of the prairie p. 98. Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 359, 417, 425. Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.179
Corylus cornuta | Betulaceae | beaked hazelnut | Baga nak:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Expel worms, anti-helmintic, lungs | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 359. Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289
Crataegus chrysocarpa | Rosaceae | fireberry hawthorn | Taspa | Main | Only in times of famine | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 35
Cucurbita maxima | Cucurbitaceae | winter squash | Na'Bugogwis'Simaun:Ojibwe | Main, Medicinal | Vegetable for food, seeds used for tea, dry wings of squash for winter use | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 187; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 367, 399. Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289
Cucurbita pepo | Cucurbitaceae | field pumpkin | Missa bigon:Ojibwe; Wamnu: Dakota | Vegetable; Main | Cut it rings and sun dry it for winter use, no distinction between pumpkin and squash | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 400; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 65
Cuscuta glomerata | Convolvulaceae | rope dodder | NA | Ornamental | Was used to show love | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 58
Cynoglossum virginianum | Boraginaceae | wild comfrey | Masa n :Ojibwe | Medicinal | Cure headaches, used to help burns heal | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 359
Cypripedium parviflorum | Orchidaceae | lesser yellow lady's slipper | Ago'Biso'Win:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Toothache, tonic, stimulant, diaphoretic | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289, 300, 342
Dactylorhiza viridis | Orchidaceae | longbract frog orchid | gokocgundamineskwe'min: Ojibwe | Technical | Used as love charm | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 431
Dalea candida | Leguminosae | white prairie clover | Toka'la tapejut'ta hu win'yula:Lakota, Makanskithe:Omaha; Khawtanee:Kiowa | Medicinal, Main | Root was boiled and drank to prevent disease, roots cooked or dried, leaves dried for tea | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 80, Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 109
Dalea enneandra | Leguminosae | nineanther prairie clover | NA | Medicinal | Poison root considered poisonous, strong narcotic effect, used for hunting and fishing | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 190; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Dalea purpurea | Leguminosae | purple prairie clover | Wanalicha: Dakota | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Heart problems, candy roots chewed as a gum. Leaves sometimes used to make a tea-like beverage. Root chewed for the pleasant taste, leaves prepared a tea and was drank to keep away diseases, was kept sacred by the pawnee | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 338; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 191; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 193
Dalea villosa | Leguminosae | silky prairie clover | NA | Medicinal | Lakota cathartic roots used as a purge. Throat aid leaves and blossoms eaten for swellings inside the throat | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 191
Dasiphora fruticosa | Rosaceae | shrubby cinquefoil | o nuhk'is | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Stomach disorders, laxative | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Delphinium carolinianum | Ranunculaceae | Carolina larkspur | Ton-a: Kiowa, Lakota | Medicinal | Kill lice, make shampoo, peyote rattles, plant poisonous to cattle | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 238, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 194
Desmanthus illinoensis | Leguminosae | Illinois bundleflower | Pezhe Gasatho, Pezhe gasatho: Omaha & Ponca ; Atikatsatsiks and Kitsitsaris: Pawnees | Medicinal and technical, Main | Pods used as rattles by infants, and boiled leaves used for itch's, relieve trachoma, restrict growth of tobacco budworms | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 37, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 239
Dichanthelium oligosanthes | Gramineae | Heller's rosette grass | NA | Medicinal | Poison plant poisonous to horses | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 197
Diervilla lonicera | Caprifoliaceae | northern bush honeysuckle | Osawa skanet :Ojibwe, Cree | Medicinal | Urinary remedy, stomach pain, stomach trouble, eye medicine cooled infusion or decoction of roots or stems put into the eyes for soreness. Gynecological aid infusion of roots taken to ensure a good supply of breast milk | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 360, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 342, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 198
Dirca palustris | Thymelaeaceae | eastern leatherwood | Djibe'Gub:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Berries are poisonous, bark is purgative. Diuretic tea | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289,Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 390, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 199
Dryopteris cristata | Polypodiaceae | crested woodfern | NA | Medicinal | Root tea for stomach trouble | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 381
Dyssodia papposa | Compositae | fetid marigold | Pezhe piazhe: Omaha & Ponca ; Pispiza tawote: Lakota, Dakota | Medicinal, Main | Settle stomach, stop vomiting, treat diarrhea, veterinary aid plant given to horses for coughs, used as dog food | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 240, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 202; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 80
Echinacea angustifolia | Compositae | blacksamson echinacea | Ichanpehu:Dakota, Ica'hpe hu, On'glakcapi:Lakota, Dakota, Sioux | Medicinal | Used as a remedy for more ailments than any other plant. Universally used as an antidote for snake bites. Smoke treatment for headaches and distemper in horses. Treat tooth aches as well. Painkiller, and for coughs, tooth aches, colds, sore throats, and snake bites | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 79,Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 84, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 203
Echinacea pallida | Compositae | pale purple coneflower | NA | Medicinal | Decoction of roots taken as a vermifuge. Dermatological aid -- poultice of roots applied to inflammation to relieve the burning sensation , analgesic plant used in the smoke treatment for head- ache. Antidote: used as an antidote for rattlesnake and other venomous bites, stings, and poisonous conditions. Decoction of roots used for burns toothache remedy roots chewed for toothache. Veterinary aid plant used in the smoke treatment for horses with distemper | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 204
Echinocystis lobata | Cucurbitaceae | wild cucumber | nigitini, gunuk, mitcugi menuh;Ojibwa | Main, Medicinal | Roots used for tea and stomach medicine | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 367, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 205
Elaeagnus commutata | Elaeagnaceae | silverberry | NA | Main | Candy peeled berries mixed with grease, stored in a cool place, and eaten as a confection. Fruit peeled berries used for food. Peeled berries used to make soups and broths. Cree beverage berries used to make wine. Fruit berries used for food | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 205
Elymus canadensis | Gramineae | Canada wildrye | NA | Main | Seeds were used for food | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 230
Equisetum arvense | Equisetaceae | field horsetail | Giji,Binusk;Ojibwe | Medicinal, Vegetable | Used to feed domesticated ducks and ponies | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 368, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 400
Equisetum hyemale | Equisetaceae | scouringrush horsetail | Gijib'Inuskon':Ojibwe, Cree, Sioux | Medicinal, Technical | Cure gonorrhea, correct menstrual irregularities, cure kidney problems, used to scour their kettles and pans, stems formerly used by children to make whistles (82:58) stem liquid used to kill any type of weed | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289,Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 241, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 418, Moerman 212
Equisetum sylvaticum | Equisetaceae | woodland horsetail | siba,muckun;Ojibwe | Main, Medicinal | Kidney aid infusion of plant used for kidney trouble and dropsy, tea used to cure kidney problems | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 214; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 368
Ericameria nauseosa | Compositae | rubber rabbitbrush | O' iv is se'e yo:Cheyeanne | Medicinal | Used as a rub for irritated skin and small pox | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 233
Erigeron philadelphicus | Compositae | Philadelphia fleabane | Inijan pexuta, Inijanpi:Lakota, Micao'gacan: Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Sniffed to make a person sneeze and break up head cold, made tea to treat sore mouths and help people with trouble urinating, hunting charm to attract deer, cold remedies and fever remedies | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 95, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 429, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 364, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 217
Erigeron strigosus | Compositae | prairie fleabane | NA | Medicinal | Headache cure, analgesic plant | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 364; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 220
Eriogonum annuum | Polygonaceae | annual buckwheat | NA | Medicinal, Technical | Infusion of plant used for urination problems oral aid and pediatric aid infusion of plant used for children with sore mouths, white blossoms, brains, liver or gall and spleen rubbed into hides to bleach them | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 219
Erysimum asperum | Cruciferae | western wallflower | Wahca'zi s'ica'man & canhlo'gan pa: Lakota, Sioux | Medicinal | Cramps of stomach and bowels. Analgesic infusion of crushed seed taken and used externally for stomach or bowel cramps | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 243, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 224
Erysimum cheiranthoides | Cruciferae | wormseed wallflower | O'Sawa'Bigwun:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Eruptions | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289
Escobaria vivipara | Cactaceae | spinystar | Oststaxiemon:Blackfoot; Matahesono:Cheyenne | Main | Fruit, flowers and de-spined plant: eaten raw or cooked | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 102
Euonymus atropurpureus | Celastraceae | burningbush | Wana ha-i-mo-thi: Omaha-Ponca | Medicinal | Women drank a decoction of inner bark for uterine trouble | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 50
Eupatorium perfoliatum | Compositae | common boneset | Niya'Wibukuk':Ojibwe | Other, Medicinal | Used for curing colds, fever, flu, rheumatism, kidney trouble, snake bite, and gonorrhea | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 103
Euphorbia marginata | Euphorbiaceae | snow on the mountain | NA | Medicinal | Anti-rheumatic (external) infusion of crushed leaves used as a liniment for swellings. Gynecological aid infusion of plant used by mothers without milk | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 228
Euthamia graminifolia | Compositae | flat-top goldentop | wa'sawaskwune'k: Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Flowers used as hunting lure, chest pain | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 429, 366
Eutrochium maculatum | Compositae | spotted joe pye weed | Me'Skwana'Kik Bu'Giso'Win:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Diaphoretic tea from leaves and flowers, strengthening baths, decoction of root used as a wash for joint inflammations | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301,Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 227
Eutrochium purpureum | Compositae | sweetscented joe pye weed | bu' gisowe, Chippewa, Ojibwe | Medicinal | Cleaning children, cold remedy vapors from infusion of plant tops inhaled for colds | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 364, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 228
Fragaria vesca | Rosaceae | woodland strawberry | NA | Main | Fruit strawberries considered an important part of the diet | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 233
Fragaria virginiana | Rosaceae | Virginia strawberry | Ode'Iminidji'Bik:Ojibwa, Waziskeca:Dakota, Cree | Main | Fruit used for food, astringent leaves, diuretic roots, fruit eaten and leaves for tea, treat diarrhea, stomach ache in babies, summer cholera affecting young kids, ripe fruit cooked or dried, leaves dried for tea | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 234; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289, p. 289, p. 301, p. 346, Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 32, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 245, Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 115, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 409, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 233
Fraxinus americana | Oleaceae | white ash | NA | Medicinal, Technical | Unspecified root bark used for medicinal purposes, used to make canoes | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 236
Fraxinus nigra | Oleaceae | black ash | NA | Technical | Baskets, wood for arrow shafts, bows and pipe stem, they eat the cambium layers which taste like eggs, bows, arrows, snow-shoes, baskets | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 420,Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 56, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 407, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 237
Fraxinus pennsylvanica | Oleaceae | green ash | Pselitin: Dakota,Agimak:Ojibwe, Lakota, Sioux | Aromatic and Psychoactive | Used to make bows. Used to make pipe-stems. Ceremonial items wood used as a part of sacred poles | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 420, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 237
Gaillardia aristata | Compositae | blanketflower | NA | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Gastroenteritis, skin disorders, eyewash, nose drops, ornamental | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 246, Moerman,D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 239
Galium aparine | Rubiaceae | stickywilly | NA | Medicinal | Dermatological aid | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 239
Galium boreale | Rubiaceae | northern bedstraw | NA | Technical | Used for dye | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 240
Galium trifidum | Rubiaceae | threepetal bedstraw | ogibwe'owe' cuwun | Medicinal | Tea for skin disorders | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 387
Galium triflorum | Rubiaceae | fragrant bedstraw | NA | Ornamental | Women used the fragrance | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 63
Gaura coccinea | Onagraceae | scarlet beeblossom | On s'unk oyu'sapi: Lakotas | Medicinal | Sore breasts after childbirth, muscular rheumatism, treat burns, inflammation | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 247
Gentiana puberulenta | Gentianaceae | downy gentian | Makan chahiwi-cho: Winnebago ; Pexhutazi: Dakota | Medicinal | Tonic, treat snakebite, cure caked breast, aid digestion, promote appetite | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 248
Gentiana saponaria | Gentianaceae | harvestbells | Pezhuta-zi: Dakota | Medicinal | Root taken as a tonic | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 243; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 57
Geranium maculatum | Geraniaceae | spotted geranium | o sawaskwini | Medicinal | Intestinal astringent (rhizome), roots used for treatment of flux, and healing a sore mouth | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301,342 , Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 370
Geum aleppicum | Rosaceae | yellow avens | NA | Medicinal | Used to make vomit, sweat and for cough medicine | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 245
Geum canadense | Rosaceae | white avens | NA | Medicinal | Gynecological aid | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 245
Geum macrophyllum | Rosaceae | largeleaf avens | NA | Medicinal | Gynecological aid, pediatric aid, toothache remedy | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 245
Geum triflorum | Rosaceae | old man's whiskers | NA | Medicinal | Indigestion, treat inflamed eyes, canker sores, sore throat, applied to sores, rashes, blisters | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 342; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 249
Glycyrrhiza lepidota | Leguminosae | American licorice | Wi-nawizi:Dakota; Wina'wizi ci'kala:Lakota | Medicinal, Main | Earaches, toothaches, fever, flu, blood spitting, roots edible raw or dried, leaves used for tea | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 40; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 113; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 119
Grindelia squarrosa | Compositae | curlycup gumweed | Pte ichi yuha:Lakota; Bakskitits:Dakota | Medicinal, Main | Given to children as a remedy for colic. Also for consumption, and used to treat sores on horses backs. Used for curing blood spitting and kidney trouble. Leaves were chewed like gum and also used in tea. Prevent child bearing | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 81; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 118; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 242
Gutierrezia sarothrae | Compositae | broom snakeweed | Pcji' zizi: Lakota | Medicinal | Herb was given to horses as a laxative for their bowels. Tea for coughs, colds, dizziness, lung trouble. Externally for heat rash, poison ivy, athletes foot | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 81; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 251
Gymnocladus dioicus | Leguminosae | Kentucky coffeetree | Wahnahna | Medicinal | Rectal injections | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 37
Hedeoma drummondii | Labiatae | Drummond's false pennyroyal | NA | Main | Leaves used to make soup | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 255-256
Hedeoma hispida | Labiatae | rough false pennyroyal | Maka chiaka: Dakota | Medicinal | Remedy for a cold | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 60
Hedeoma pulegioides | Labiatae | American false pennyroyal | NA | Medicinal | Remedy for cold fevers and upset stomach | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 256
Helenium autumnale | Compositae | common sneezeweed | Tcatcamo'sikani: Mesquakic | Medicinal | Cure heat cold, reduce fever, prevent menstruation, hemicrania, rheumatism, congestion | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 252
Helianthus annuus | Compositae | common sunflower | Honsona:Kiowa | Medicinal, Main | Oil, food, birdseed, cure rattlesnake bites, insect repellent, fruits eaten raw and cooked, flower buds boiled | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 253; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 123
Helianthus maximiliani | Compositae | Maximilian sunflower | NA | Main | Tubers dug up and eaten | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 258
Helianthus tuberosus | Compositae | Jerusalem artichoke | Pagi:Dakota, Hohinon:Cheyenne; Kisusit:Pawnee | Main | Nebraska tribes used tubers for food, pawnee ate them raw, boiled, or roasted | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 79; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 130
Heliopsis helianthoides | Compositae | smooth oxeye | NA | Medicinal | Stimulant | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 257
Heracleum maximum | Umbelliferae | common cowparsnip | pipigwe'wanuck: Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Dermatological aid poultice of boiled or dried root and flowers applied to boils. Throat aid decoction of root gargled or dried root chewed for ulcerated sore throat. Leaf petiole peeled and eaten fresh. Pith scraped out of roasted main stem and eaten. Stimulant, carminative root, rubefacient leaves, sore throat, fish bate | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 260; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301,342; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 431
Heracleum sphondylium | Umbelliferae | eltrot | Zhaba-makan: Omaha & Ponca | Medicinal | Intestinal pains, treat boils, diarrhea, stomach cramps, headache, wounds, sores, toothache | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 254
Hesperostipa spartea | Gramineae | porcupinegrass | NA | Technical | Used as a brush for dressing hair | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 14-15
Heterotheca villosa | Compositae | hairy false goldenaster | Mis' ka tsi:Cheyeanne | Medicinal | Used as a sleep aid | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 233
Heuchera americana | Saxifragaceae | American alumroot | NA | Medicinal | Stomach pain | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 344
Heuchera richardsonii | Saxifragaceae | Richardson's alumroot | Canhlo'hsnasna'la:Lakota; Wahpe't'aga:Lakota | Medicinal | Used for curing chronic diarrhea and sores | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 122
Hieracium canadense | Compositae | Canadian hawkweed | wabi'gwun: Ojibwe | Technical | Flowers used as hunting lure | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 429
Hierochloe odorata | Gramineae | sweetgrass | Wachanga:Dakota | Medicinal, Ornamental, Other | Decorations, ceremonies to bring guardian spirits, cure colds, fevers, clear nasal passages, windburn, chapping, perfume, plant used as incense in ceremony to invoke good powers, used as perfume and burned as an incense | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 255; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 266; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 14
Humulus lupulus | Cannabaceae | common hop | jiwi'cgon'bug:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main | Used to treat fevers and intestinal pains, and was applied to wounds, used for tea, as baking soda, intestinal pains, fevers, intestinal pain, applied to wounds, and taken for fevers | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 25; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 391,411; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 269
Hydrophyllum virginianum | Hydrophyllaceae | eastern waterleaf | Nebine nanikweiag:Ojibwe | Technical, Medicinal | Used for feed for ponies to fatten them up, anti diarrheal | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 405,419
Hymenopappus tenuifolius | Compositae | Chalk Hill hymenopappus | NA | Medicinal | Made into tea and salve used for horses hooves' | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 271
Juglans nigra | Juglandaceae | black walnut | Hma: Dakota | Main, Technical | The nuts where eaten in soups. Used also to make black dye | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 22; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 279
Juncus dudleyi | Juncaceae | Dudley's rush | NA | Technical | Used to make mats, rugs, and bedding | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 279
Juniperus communis | Cupressaceae | common juniper | NA | Medicinal, Technical | Treat common cold. Bark used to build houses. Used to make pens or enclose graves. Other building materials. Pulp wood used for paper | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 282
Juniperus horizontalis | Cupressaceae | creeping juniper | NA | Main, Technical | Beverage leaves used to make tea. Bark used to make houses and other building materials. Pulp wood used for paper and fencing | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 283
Juniperus scopulorum | Cupressaceae | Rocky Mountain juniper | NA | Medicinal | Branches and cones used for colds and pneumonia. Plant burned and smoked for colds and fevers | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 287
Juniperus virginiana | Cupressaceae | eastern redcedar | NA | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Diuretic. Twigs burned and inhaled as cold remedy. Fruits and leaves taken for coughs. Bruised leaves and berries used for headaches. Berries eaten. Building materials | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 289
Koeleria macrantha | Gramineae | prairie Junegrass | NA | Main | Diuretic. Twigs burned and inhaled as cold remedy. Fruits and leaves taken for coughs. Bruised leaves and berries used for headaches. Berries eaten | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 231
Lactuca biennis | Compositae | tall blue lettuce | dodoca'bo: Ojibwe | Technical, Medicinal | Flowers used as hunting lure, easier lactation tea, gynecological aid, hunting and fishing items, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, anti-hemorrhagic, heart medicine, used to ease lactation, deer attractant | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 364, p. 429; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 717, p. 719, p. 294
Laportea canadensis | Urticaceae | Canadian woodnettle | masana'tig: Oijbwe | Medicinal, Technical, Main | Rind used as sewing fiber, roots and leaves used to make tea for urinary ailments, seeds and flowers used for wine, mildly narcotic, diuretic | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 391, p. 423/Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 717, p. 718, p.295
Larix laricina | Pinaceae | tamarack | mucki'gwatig: Ojibwe/Cree | Medicinal, Technical | Laxative, tonic, diuretic, sewing material, used for vomiting, disinfectant, basketry, canoe material | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301/Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 421/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 294, p. 717, p. 718
Lathyrus ochroleucus | Leguminosae | cream pea | bugwa'djukpini'kmine'bug: Ojibwe/Bugwa dj pinik:Ojibwe | Technical, Main, Medicinal | Pony feed, used for indian potatoes, gastrointestinal aid, veterinary aid | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 406, p. 419/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 717, p.718, p. 298
Lathyrus palustris | Leguminosae | marsh pea | bebeji'goganji macki'ki: Ojibwe/ Chippewa | Technical, Main, Medicinal | Pony feed, veterinary aid | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 419./ Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 298/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 718, p. 295
Lathyrus venosus | Leguminosae | veiny pea | NA | Medicinal | Convulsions | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 336/ Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 298
Ledum groenlandicum | Ericaceae | bog Labrador tea | Waboskiki bug:Ojibwe/Chippewa/Cree | Main, Medicinal | Used for tea, expectorant, tonic leaves, burns stings | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 401/Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 297, p.304, p. 718, p. 300
Lepidium densiflorum | Cruciferae | common pepperweed | NA | Medicinal | Kidney aid | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 692, p. 301
Liatris punctata | Compositae | dotted blazing star | Tat e' cannuga:Lakota/Kahtsudawidu:Pawnee/Chippewa | Medicinal, Main | Used for curing low appetite problems and heart pains, roots are used in cooking, dietary aid | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 136/Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 143/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 316 & p. 692
Liatris scariosa | Compositae | devil's bite | NA | Medicinal | Pawnee said leaved were boiled and the decoction was given to children for diarrhea | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 81
Lilium philadelphicum | Liliaceae | wood lily | Mnahca'hca: Lakota/Chippewa | Medicinal | Antidote for bites of brown spider, relieve inflammation and swelling, dermatological aid | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 258/ Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 305, p. 654, p. 307
Linaria vulgaris | Plantaginaceae | butter and eggs | owacawa' skweneg | Medicinal | Diuretic and cathartic, herbal steam, respiratory aid | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 389/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 717
Linum lewisii | Linaceae | Lewis flax | NA | Main, technical | Seeds were used because of their high nutritional value and flavor, fodder | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 46/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 654
Linum perenne | Linaceae | blue flax | NA | Medicinal, Main | Eyewash, applied to swellings and lumps, treat coughs, gallstones, digestive, urinary, and lung disorders, highly nutritious flavor additive | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 259/Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 244
Lithospermum canescens | Boraginaceae | hoary puccoon | NA | Technical | Used to chew with gum | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 59
Lithospermum incisum | Boraginaceae | narrowleaf stoneseed | Peju'ta sabsa'pa:Lakota | Medicinal | Used for curing lung hemorrhages and chest wounds | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 141/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 311
Lomatium foeniculaceum | Umbelliferae | desert biscuitroot | Sahijelatatinpsinla:Lakota | Medicinal, Main | Love charm, treat cold, fever, gain weight, relieve sore throats and coughs, roots are often dried and ground into flower and made into biscuits or bread | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 55; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 260/Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 147/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.654
Lycopodium complanatum | Lycopodiaceae | groundcedar | NA | Medicinal | Stimulant | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 718, p. 323
Lygodesmia juncea | Compositae | rush skeletonplant | Maka' cans'inhu: Lakota ; Tatawisse'hcyo: Cheyenne ; Oot-squeeks-see: Blackfeet | Medicinal | Infusion of the stem to treat sore eyes mothers also used this to increase milk flow. Used for chewing gum, cure diarrhea, increase milk flow, kidney trouble, pediatric aid, eye medicine, gynecological aid | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 84/Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 261/Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 692, p. 748
Maianthemum canadense | Asparagaceae | Canada mayflower | agonsominun;Ojibwe | Medicinal, Food, and Technical | Kidneys, throats, headache | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 373; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 331
Maianthemum racemosum | Asparagaceae | feathery false lily of the valley | agongosi widji bik;Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Headache, stimulant, diuretic, convulsions, canoe pitch, analgesic, sore throat and keeps kidneys open during pregnancy, used for feed for ponies to fatten them up | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 374, 407; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 299, 338; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 420; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 31
Maianthemum stellatum | Asparagaceae | starry false lily of the valley | peshekisimini | Medicinal, Main | Blood clotting, cure temporary insanity, loosen bowels, sore throat, headache | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p.282
Melilotus officinalis | Leguminosae | sweetclover | NA | Other, Medicinal, Main | Incense and fragrances, utility, sap is mixed with box elder sap to drink as a beverage | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 657; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 413, 394; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 41
Mentha arvensis | Labiatae | wild mint | Cejaka:Lakota; Can pezuta cikala:Lakota; wuckons; Ojibwe; Andego bigons:Ojibwe | Ornamental, Technical | Design work for beading, smoked for ceremonial purposes | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 413, 417
Mirabilis linearis | Nyctaginaceae | narrowleaf four o'clock | NA | Medicinal | Diuretic | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 692
Mirabilis nyctaginea | Nyctaginaceae | heartleaf four o'clock | Be'Dukadak'Igisn:Ojibwe, Poipe:Dakota | Medicinal | Sprain, used for fever and also got rid of tape worm, spider bite | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 26; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 362
Monarda fistulosa | Labiatae | wild bergamot | Hehaka ta pezhuta: Dakota; Hehaka to wote:Dakota; pezhe pa:Omaha | Medicinal | Purgative, parasiticide | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 286, 299; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 382
Nepeta cataria | Labiatae | catnip | tci,wukOjibwe; Tci namewuck:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Leaf | Stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue, tea used to "purify blood". Beverage leaves used to make a beverage tea | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 372, 402; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany p. 354
Nuphar lutea | Nymphaeaceae | yellow pond-lily | NA | Medicinal | Dermatological aid, poultice of grated root applied to sores and powdered root used for cuts and swelling | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany p. 358, 359
Oenothera biennis | Onagraceae | common evening primrose | Canhlo'gan hu'nla:Lakota | Medicinal, Main, Aromatic and Psychoactive | Used for healing bruises and sores, roots eaten, leaves used as a pot herb, incense, fragrance seeds, aromatic | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 160, Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 246, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 361
Onoclea sensibilis | Polypodiaceae | sensitive fern | NA | Medicinal | Simulates the flow of milk | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 382
Onosmodium bejariense | Boraginaceae | soft-hair marbleseed | Poi'piye & Sunkcan'kanhuiije: Lakota ; Makesk o wa ni'a: Cheyenne | Medicinal | Treat swellings in humans and horses, lumbago, restore feeling to a numb area | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 265
Opuntia humifusa | Cactaceae | devil's-tongue | Unchela: Dakota | Main, technical, and medicinal | Used to play a game, dermatological aid for wounds, snake bite remedy, induce labor, a dye for painted hides, and the fruits were eaten | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 52, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 366
Opuntia polyacantha | Cactaceae | plains pricklypear | NA | Medicinal and technical | Dermatological aid for wounds and dye for hides | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 368
Orobanche ludoviciana | Orobanchaceae | Louisiana broomrape | NA | Main | Entire plant was eaten | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 247
Osmorhiza claytonii | Umbelliferae | Clayton's sweetroot | NA | Medicinal | Sore throat, ulcers, runny nose, gynecological aid to ease parturition | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 342, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 371
Osmorhiza longistylis | Umbelliferae | longstyle sweetroot | osaga' tikum:Ojibwe | Main, medicinal, and aromatic and psychoactive | Leaves used for tea, which is good for sore throats, aromatic, carminative, stomachache, eases parturition | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 391, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 371
Ostrya virginiana | Betulaceae | hophornbeam | NA | Medicinal and technical | Tonic, kidney trouble, coughs, lung hemorrhages, wood used for making bows, flower used for painting the face | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 373
Oxalis violacea | Oxalidaceae | violet woodsorrel | Hade-sathe:Omaha; skidadihorit:Pawnee | Main | Leaves, flowers, bulbs may be cooked or consumed raw | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 158-159
Oxytropis lambertii | Leguminosae | purple locoweed | NA | Medicinal | Poison in large quantities to horses, but plant and root can be used for food source for horses | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 375
Parthenocissus quinquefolia | Vitaceae | Virginia creeper | manido' bimakwit:Ojibwe | Main | Food | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 411
Pastinaca sativa | Umbelliferae | wild parsnip | pigwe'wunusk:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Small amount of root is mixed with other kinds of roots to make tea for female troubles | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 391
Pedicularis canadensis | Orobanchaceae | Canadian lousewort | mandami' niogji, manda'miniodjibikens: Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main | Aphrodisiac, root eaten | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 389, p. 431, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 267, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 378
Pediomelum esculentum | Leguminosae | large Indian breadroot | Dogoe:Osage, tipsi | Main | Cooked, fresh, or dried | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 183-185 , Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 40
Penstemon grandiflorus | Plantaginaceae | large beardtongue | Zuze'ca tapcju'ta: Lakota ; At-si-pl-koa: Blackfeet | Medicinal | Treat chills, fever, stomachache, pain in the chest, treat snakebite, stomach pains, stop vomiting, snakebite, anti-diarrheal, anemic blood | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 62
Phaseolus vulgaris | Leguminosae | common beans | Omnicha: Dakota, Wabeni minesa:Ojibwe, Meskodi minun:Ojibwe | Main | Beans are cooked for eating | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Phragmites australis | Gramineae | common reed | NA | Technical, Medicinal, Main | Cooking tools used to weave frames for drying berries, root is used for stomach troubles, and fishing and hunting | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 394
Phryma leptostachya | Phrymaceae | American lopseed | NA | Medicinal | Sore throat | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Physalis heterophylla | Solanaceae | clammy groundcherry | Tamaniolipe: Dakota, Pegatush:Omaha | Medicinal, Main | Made in to a sauce for food, treat headache, nerve problems | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Picea glauca | Pinaceae | white spruce | NA | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Twigs used as herbal steam for rheumatism, arthritis, chewing gum, sewing basket base and lid | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Pinus banksiana | Pinaceae | jack pine | giga'ndag: Ojibwe | Main | Fine sewing on canoes | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Pinus contorta | Pinaceae | lodgepole pine | Wazi:Dakota | Technical, Main | Wood used for teepee poles, fruits and leaves used to cure coughs | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Pinus resinosa | Pinaceae | red pine | abakwanugi'mug: Ojibwe | Technical, Medicinal | Waterproof pitch | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 410
Plantago major | Plantaginaceae | common plantain | ceca'guski bugesink: Ojibwe | Technical, Main, Medicinal | Diruetic, antiseptic, hot leaves applied to foot drew out thorns, ward off snakes, chopped fresh leaves applied for rheumatism, snake bites | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Polygala senega | Polygalaceae | Seneca snakeroot | NA | Technical, Medicinal | Convulsions, heart problems, sore mouth, sore throat, toothache, used for curing snake bites, insect stings, and other poisons | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 420
Polygonatum biflorum | Asparagaceae | smooth Solomon's seal | nanibiteodekin;Ojibwe | Medicinal | Headaches, treats dropsy, sedative | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Polygonum amphibium | Polygonaceae | water knotweed | agongosi'minum: Ojibwe | Medicinal | Was used to cure pain in stomach, hunting charm to attract deer, blisters in mouth, various ailments | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Polygonum pensylvanicum | Polygonaceae | Pennsylvania smartweed | NA | Medicinal | Anti-convulsive | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Polygonum persicaria | Polygonaceae | spotted ladysthumb | NA | Medicinal | Stomach pain | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Polygonum punctatum | Polygonaceae | dotted smartweed | NA | Medicinal | Stomach pain | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 424
Populus balsamifera | Salicaceae | balsam poplar | NA | Main, Medicinal, Technical | Resinous, aromatic, expectorant, heart problems, back pain, disinfectant, nosebleed, trap lure, salve on wounds | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Populus deltoides | Salicaceae | eastern cottonwood | Wuga Cha:Dakota | Medicinal, Main, Technical | For pregnant women, used to reduce inflammation, and reduce fever, diarrhea, used as a food for people, forage for horses, and was made to make poles | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Populus grandidentata | Salicaceae | bigtooth aspen | asadi:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main | Scrape cambium layer to obtain a food, prevent child-bearing, ease and lessen menses, hemostatic tea | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Populus tremuloides | Salicaceae | quaking aspen | NA | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Heart problems, bark for poulticing cuts reduces irritation, preservative, building item | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Potentilla arguta | Rosaceae | tall cinquefoil | Gl'Tclode'Iminidji'Bik:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Headache, stopping bleeding, convulsions | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 289, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 332, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 338; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Potentilla norvegica | Rosaceae | Norwegian cinquefoil | NA | Medicinal | Sore throat | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Prenanthes alba | Compositae | white rattlesnakeroot | Weca' wus wa'ckinesck | Medicinal | Diuretic, produce postpartum milk flow | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Prunella vulgaris | Labiatae | common selfheal | basi'buguk: Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main | Used for the liver, cramps and fits | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Prunus americana | Rosaceae | American plum | Pank-ai-da-lo:Kiowa; Omaha:kande | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Bread and cake, yellow dye, used to prepare altar, stop vomiting, sedative, worms, used for food as sauces or are dried, also reported to have been used for long periods in the winter time as a food source | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Prunus nigra | Rosaceae | Canadian plum | nuge sanatig: Ojibwe, bugesana'tig: Ojibwe | Technical, Medicinal, Main | Food and preserves, inner bark used as dye | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Prunus pensylvanica | Rosaceae | pin cherry | bae wiminun: Ojibwe | Main, Medicinal, Technical | Food, jelly, sore eyes | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Prunus pumila | Rosaceae | sandcherry | sewakomin:Ojibwe | Main | Food | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Prunus serotina | Rosaceae | black cherry | sawe'min:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Tonic, sedative, pectoral, astringent, worms, twigs used in beverages, wound dressing, worms, cholera infantum, food | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Prunus virginiana | Rosaceae | chokecherry | Canpa'hu:Lakota, Nonpa-zhinga:Omaha; nahaapi nakaaruts:Pawnee | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Used in making pemmican (meat and fruit mixture) and for curing diarrhea, dysentery, and stomach pains, cramps, twigs used in beverages and syrup, fruit | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 42
Psoralidium tenuiflorum | Leguminosae | slimflower scurfpea | Tichanicha-hu: Dakota , Wahpo'kijate:Lakota; Ti'canicahu tanka:Lakota | Medicinal | Root boiled to be consumed as medicine, protected the head on hot days, used for curing headaches, tuberculosis, to repel mosquitoes, and forehead protection from the sun on hot days | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 41, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 175
Pteridium aquilinum | Polypodiaceae | western brackenfern | Ana ganuck:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Used for food in soup, tea for stomach cramps, and smoked for headache | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 408, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 382
Pulsatilla patens | Ranunculaceae | eastern pasqueflower | Hokshi-chekpa wahcha:Dakota; Hoksi' cekpa:Lakota | Medicinal | Tea to speed delivery in childbirth, crushed and used on some injuries as a counter-irritant, is used as a counter-irritant for use in rheumatism, neuralgia, and similar diseases, lung trouble, headaches | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 36; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 340, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 336; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 28-29; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 455
Pycnanthemum virginianum | Labiatae | Virginia mountainmint | NA | Medicinal | Diuretic. Twigs burned and inhaled as cold remedy. Fruits and leaves taken for coughs. Bruised leaves and berries used for headaches. Berries eaten | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301
Pyrola americana | Ericaceae | American wintergreen | bine'bug: Ojibwe | Main, Medicinal | Made into tea, drank as good luck potion in the morning before hunts | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 430, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 457
Pyrola elliptica | Ericaceae | waxflower shinleaf | NA | Medicinal | Poultice of plant and two other plants | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.457
Quercus alba | Fagaceae | white oak | Mici min:Ojibwe, miti'gomic: Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main, Technical | Acorns on them are dried and crushed to make powder, making awls to punch holes in birch bark, wigwams, decoction of root bark and inner bark taken for diarrhea | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 401, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 419; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 458-459
Quercus macrocarpa | Fagaceae | bur oak | meti'gomic: Ojibwe, mitigo,mic;Ojibwe, Uskuyecha-hu:Dakota | Technical, Medicinal, Tree, Main, Toys | Bark is used with other materials to set color, bark of the root was used for bowel troubles, lung trouble, heart problems, used in treating leucorrhea and piles, decoction of root or inner bark for cramps, acorns eaten roast, boiled, or raw, dye, used as a bandage, makes toys and games (popgun pistons) | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 425, Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 23, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 340, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 338, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 369, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 402, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.461
Ranunculus pensylvanicus | Ranunculaceae | Pennsylvania buttercup | manwe'gons: Ojibwe | Technical, Medicinal | Entire plant boiled to yield a red coloring dye, deer scent, used as hunting medicine (seeds are smoked) | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 426, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 431; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 466
Ratibida columnifera | Compositae | upright prairie coneflower | Wahcha-zi chikala:Dakota; Napo'stan:Lakota; Asan'pi iya'tke:Lakota | Main, Medicinal | Cylindrical heads were used to make tea, used for curing stomach aches, headaches, side and chest pains, and to stop external wound hemorrhaging or internal bleeding, plant top used as a nipple | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 79, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 179; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 467
Rhus glabra | Anacardiaceae | smooth sumac | Bakwa nak:Ojibwe, Chanzi:Dakota and Lakota, Cha-zi: Dakota, Maw-kho-la:Kiowa | Medicinal, Technical, Aromatic, Fruit and Vegetable | Root bark as a tea is used as hemostatic, blossoms used for sore eyes, fruit considered throat cleanser. Inner bark and central pith of stem used as orange dye, used in a smoking mixture, as a yellow dye, and as a tea, leaves dried for smoking, roots used as dye, fruits were boiled to make a remedy for dysmenorrhea, decoction of the root was drank in cases of urine retention, medicinal purposes, used for dye, and stems for basketry, dysentery (anti-diarrheal) | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 354 and 424, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 182, Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 47-48, Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 190-192, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 344; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 469-470
Ribes americanum | Saxifragaceae | American black currant | amikomin:Ojibwe, Chap-ta-haza | Main, Medicinal | Food, root used as remedy for kidney trouble | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 410, Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 32; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 475-476
Ribes aureum | Saxifragaceae | golden currant | Soh' kotasi-mins:Cheyenne | Main | Used as a primary source of vitamin C | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 195-196
Ribes cynosbati | Saxifragaceae | eastern prickly gooseberry | me' skwacabo' minuk: Ojibwe | Main | Preserves, berries used for food | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 410, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.475
Ribes oxyacanthoides | Saxifragaceae | Canadian gooseberry | cabo' minuk:Ojibwe | Main, Medicinal | Food, gynecological aid decoction of berry for back pain and "female weakness"(sickness after childbirth) | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 410, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.479
Ribes triste | Saxifragaceae | red currant | Mici' tciminuk, mincitci' minuk:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main | Leaves used for some sort of female remedy, food (berries eaten), "stoppage of periods", | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 389, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 410; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 480
Rosa arkansana | Rosaceae | prairie rose | Onzhin-zhintka:Dakota | Medicinal, Main | Headaches, used for healing burns and for treating eye problems like cataracts, inflammation, and snow blindness, cooking, anti-convulsive root diffusion or decoction taken for fits, used to make tea | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 336, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 189, Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 200, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.483
Rubus idaeus | Rosaceae | American red raspberry | meskwa' min: Ojibwe | Main, Medicinal | Jams, berries eaten, recovery after childbirth, heart medicine, stops teething sickness, dysentery | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 410; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 488-489; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 344
Rubus occidentalis | Rosaceae | black raspberry | Takahecha, taken heche, | Medicinal, Main | Eat fruit and used in tea, diarrhea, stomaches, hemorrhage, hemophilia, speed childbirth, back pain, wash for sore eye, treats female weakness | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 32, Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p.276; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 490
Rudbeckia hirta | Compositae | blackeyed Susan | NA | Medicinal | Diuretic, used for babies | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 365; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 494
Rudbeckia laciniata | Compositae | cutleaf coneflower | NA | Medicinal | Indigestion | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 342
Rumex crispus | Polygonaceae | curly dock | ciobug: Ojibwe, Shiakipi:Dakota | Technical, Medicinal, Main | Planting charm, used for closing and healing cuts, the leaves where used as food, stops swelling, anti-diarrheal | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 431, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 381, Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 25; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 496-497
Rumex venosus | Polygonaceae | veiny dock | ma'I tuk ohc, wahpe' sku'ya | Medicinal, Ornamental | Red dye, yellow dye, stomach cramps, diarrhea, hemorrhage, tea, colds, sore throat, used to expel the childbirth | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p.278; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 499
Sagittaria cuneata | Alismataceae | arumleaf arrowhead | Wabasi' Pin:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Main | Digestion aid, used as medicine for humans and horses. Food for ducks & geese. Corms eaten, can be eaten, also used as a remedy for indigestion | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 500; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 353
Sagittaria latifolia | Alismataceae | broadleaf arrowhead | Pshitola:Dakota | Medicinal, Main | Tubers were used as food, prepared by boiling. Infusion of leaves used to bathe feverish babies used for food (sweet nectar) and as medicine | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 342; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 13; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 500-501
Salix candida | Salicaceae | sageleaf willow | NA | Medicinal, aromatic and psychoactive | Plant used for stomach troubles, used to ease trembling, used for fainting, decoction of inner bark taken for coughs | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 501-502
Salix discolor | Salicaceae | pussy willow | NA | Medicinal, technical, aromatic and psychoactive | Infusion of inner bark for diarrhea, stomach troubles, trembling, fainting. Fiber from barks used for baskets and rope. Makes tools | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 502
Salix eriocephala | Salicaceae | Missouri River willow | NA | Technical | Wood used to make canes and staffs | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 503
Salix exigua | Salicaceae | narrowleaf willow | NA | Technical | Branches used for building sweat lodges, leaves woven into mats and used in sweat tepees, peeled bark used for tie together sweat lodge poles | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 503
Salix fragilis | Salicaceae | crack willow | sizingo' bimic | Medicinal | Bark for poulticing cuts, dermatological aid | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 388, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 503
Salix humilis | Salicaceae | prairie willow | Wahpe-popa:Dakota | Technical | Used as a dye, and in making furniture, mats, baskets, drums, stirrups, tent pegs, and many other things | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 194
Salix interior | Salicaceae | sandbar willow | NA | Technical | Used to weave baskets, stems used for jar stoppers, fish roasting sticks, tie fastener | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 21, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 504
Salix lucida | Salicaceae | shining willow | azisi'gobmic: Ojibwe, zigo'bamic | Technical, Medicinal | Smoking mixture, topical for healing sores, anti-diarrhea | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 422, 388, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 505
Salix pedicellaris | Salicaceae | bog willow | sizinga' bamic | Medicinal | Bark cured stomach trouble, helps with gastrointestinal problems | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 389, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 505
Sambucus nigra | Adoxaceae | black elderberry | NA | Main, Medicinal | The fruit were used as food, foliage and roots are poisonous, but fruit can be eaten raw or made into wine or jelly, emetic | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 63; Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 249
Sambucus racemosa | Adoxaceae | red elderberry | Papaskatciksi:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Purgative, used as a dye | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 360
Sanguinaria canadensis | Papaveraceae | bloodroot | minigathe maka wau, meskwa'djibikuk: Ojibwe | Technical, medicinal | Used as a dye, analgesic compound | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 31, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 426, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 515
Sanicula marilandica | Umbelliferae | Maryland sanicle | masan, gine'big odji' bik:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Root is used to cure snake bite, used in tea for fevers, nervous disorders, cutaneous affections and erysipelas | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 391, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 517
Schizachyrium scoparium | Gramineae | little bluestem | NA | Technical | Used as insulation for moccasins | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.521
Schoenoplectus acutus | Cyperaceae | hardstem bulrush | NA | Medicinal, Technical | Stop bleeding | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 521
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani | Cyperaceae | softstem bulrush | Psa:Dakota, jika'miuskun: Ojibwe | Main, Medicinal, Technical | Used as a emetic and mats, the stem was eaten raw, and also weaved to make mats | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 523; Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 17, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 418
Scirpus cyperinus | Cyperaceae | woolgrass | gaie'wuckuk: Ojibwe | Technical | Used to make mats and woven bags and baskets | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 418, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 522
Scutellaria galericulata | Labiatae | marsh skullcap | tcatcabonu;Ojibwe | Medicinal | Helps with heart troubles | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 372, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 524
Scutellaria lateriflora | Labiatae | blue skullcap | NA | Medicinal | Diarrhea, monthly period, breast treatment | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p.279, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 524
Shepherdia argentea | Elaeagnaceae | silver buffaloberry | Mashtincha-pute: Dakota | Medicinal, Main | Fruits use fresh in season and dry for winter. Also used for a ceremonial feast, mild laxative, ate berries, ceremonial medicine | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 54; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p.281, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 528
Shepherdia canadensis | Elaeagnaceae | russet buffaloberry | NA | Medicinal | Coughing up blood | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 528
Silene latifolia | Caryophyllaceae | bladder campion | Basi buguk:Ojibwe/basi' buguk | Medicinal | Cathartic | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 361; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 531
Silphium laciniatum | Compositae | compassplant | Chashishida:Dakota | Medicinal | Burned during electrical storms to prevent lightning stroke. Also used by children as chewing gum | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 80
Silphium perfoliatum | Compositae | cup plant | asasa'weskuk | Medicinal | Root stock was used in the smoke treatment for cold in the head, neuralgia, and rheumatism, stoppage of periods, back and chest pains | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 80, Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 365, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 340, Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 250, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 531
Sium suave | Umbelliferae | hemlock waterparsnip | wanemingons:Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Orthopedic and gastrointestinal aid, ward off evil spirits | Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 533; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 431
Smilax herbacea | Smilacaceae | smooth carrionflower | gine;Ojibwe | Medicinal, Fruits and Vegetables | Dermatological aid, roots used for lung trouble, kidney trouble, used as a fruit to eat, said to relieve hoarseness, back pain and orthopedic aid | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 374, Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 346, Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 19, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 534
Solanum triflorum | Solanaceae | cutleaf nightshade | Canhlogan Skiski'ta:Lakota; Omaka-tane-wan:Blackfeet; De:petetsi:Comanche | Medicinal | Treatment of stomachache, diarrhea, tuberculosis, and general tonic | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 206
Solanum tuberosum | Solanaceae | Irish potato | opin:Ojibwe | Main | Food | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 410
Solidago canadensis | Compositae | Canada goldenrod | NA | Medicinal | Burn dressing compound | Moerman,D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 536
Solidago flexicaulis | Compositae | zigzag goldenrod | NA | Medicinal | Sore throat | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 342, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 536
Solidago speciosa | Compositae | showy goldenrod | NA | Medicinal | Lung trouble, lung hemorrhages, cathartic, hemorrhaging of the mouth | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 340, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 537
Sorbus americana | Rosaceae | American mountain ash | NA | Main | Fruit | Moerman,D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 538
Spartina pectinata | Gramineae | prairie cordgrass | NA | Technical | Used as earth covering for lodges | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 14
Sphaeralcea coccinea | Malvaceae | scarlet globemallow | Heyoka ta pezhuta: Dakota | Main, Medicinal | This tree was also used for sugar making by tribes, sap is mixed with sugar maple sap to drink as a beverage. Cooling and healing salve, and a temporary immunity to scalding water | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 49; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 353, 394; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 39; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 208
Sporobolus cryptandrus | Gramineae | sand dropseed | NA | Main | Used to make flour, porridge, and other bread related items | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 234
Sporobolus heterolepis | Gramineae | prairie dropseed | NA | Medicinal | Dermatological aid | Moerman,D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 542
Symphoricarpos albus | Caprifoliaceae | common snowberry | Anigomiji:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Used to clear up the after birth, diuretic compound | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 361; Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 547
Symphoricarpos occidentalis | Caprifoliaceae | western snowberry | NA | Medicinal | Wash weak or inflamed eyes | Moerman,D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 546
Symphyotrichum cordifolium | Compositae | common blue wood aster | naskosi'icus: Ojibwe | Technical | Hunting charms | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 428
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae | Compositae | New England aster | NA | Medicinal | Tea used as enema for babies with gas pains or intestinal trouble | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 60; Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 287
Tanacetum vulgare | Compositae | common tansy | muckiki'wit: Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Fever medicine, flower used for hunting lure, sore throat | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 366, p. 429, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 549
Taraxacum officinale | Compositae | common dandelion | wesa'usakwunek, Weca waskwune: Ojibwe | Medicinal, Vegetable | Tea for heartburn, cooking with pork or venison | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 366, p.399 , Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 550
Thalictrum dasycarpum | Ranunculaceae | purple meadow-rue | Wazimna:Dakota | Aromatic and Psychoactive, Technical | The fruits gave a nice smell, the hollowed roots were made into flutes | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 28, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 554
Thuja occidentalis | Cupressaceae | arborvitae | gi'jig: Ojibwe | Technical, Medicinal | Canoe frames and ribs, convulsions | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 421, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 557
Tilia americana | Malvaceae | American basswood | wigub: Ojibwe, Hita-cha: Dakota | Technical | Tying poles together for framework of wigwam | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 422, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 562
Toxicodendron pubescens | Anacardiaceae | Atlantic poison oak | Animiki bug:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Poulticing swellings | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 354
Tradescantia occidentalis | Commelinaceae | prairie spiderwort | NA | Main | Edible | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 217-219, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p.565
Typha latifolia | Typhaceae | broadleaf cattail | Wihuta-hu:Dakota, Ojibwe | Medicinal, Technical | Used to treat burns, used as a weapon of war, seeds used for stuffing mattresses, leaves for wind and rain proof mats | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 12,Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 573
Ulmus americana | Ulmaceae | American elm | Pe:Dakota | Technical | Wood used for fuel, forked trees where used for post of lodges, used as mortars | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 23, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 576
Ulmus rubra | Ulmaceae | slippery elm | NA | Medicinal, Technical | Sore throat, laxative, used as spark catcher | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 342
Ulmus thomasii | Ulmaceae | rock elm | Pe Itazipa:Dakota | Technical | Used for saddle trees | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 23, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 578
Urtica dioica | Urticaceae | stinging nettle | masan: Ojibwe | Technical, Medicinal | The fibers were used for making rope, clothes and twine, dysentery, stoppage of urine, bark and rind used as sewing fiber, leaves were soaked and used as poultice for heat rashes | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 25, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 580; Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 423
Uvularia grandiflora | Colchicaceae | largeflower bellwort | wasawabi;Ojibwe | Medicinal | Used for stomach troubles | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 374, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 582
Uvularia sessilifolia | Colchicaceae | sessileleaf bellwort | neweia'kwisink: Ojibwe | Technical | Used as bait for deer | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 430
Verbascum thapsus | Scrophulariaceae | common mullein | NA | Medicinal | Smoke for relieving asthma | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 390, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 590
Verbena hastata | Verbenaceae | swamp verbena | Chanhaloga Pezhuta: Dakota | Medicinal | Leaves were boiled to make a stomach remedy | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 59, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 591
Veronicastrum virginicum | Plantaginaceae | Culver's root | NA | Medicinal | Cholagogue, cathartic, tea from roots used for many medicinal and spiritual uses such as strengthening the weak | Densmore, F. (2005) Strength of the Earth, p. 301; Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p. 215, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 593
Viburnum dentatum | Adoxaceae | southern arrowwood | wabanwe'ak: Ojibwe | Main | Bark is used | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 417
Viburnum lentago | Adoxaceae | nannyberry | Atite taminun:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Diuretic | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 361, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 594
Viburnum opulus | Adoxaceae | European cranberrybush | Anibumi nugawuck:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Used to cure cramps in the stomach, antispasmodic for asthma, hysteria, puerperal | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 361, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 595
Viola canadensis | Violaceae | Canadian white violet | NA | Medicinal | Blood purifier, remedy for chronic infections of the lung, and skin diseases | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 392, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 597
Viola labradorica | Violaceae | alpine violet | wewaie' bugug:Ojibwe | Medicinal | Whole plant used in tea for heart trouble | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 392, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 597
Viola pedatifida | Violaceae | prairie violet | NA | Main | Spice | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 220
Vitis vulpina | Vitaceae | frost grape | ci'we minun, ciwiminaga wunj:Ojibwe, Chippewa | Medicinal, Main | Twigs were used in tea for afterbirth effects in women, sap was used for stomach and bowel trouble, jelly | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 392, p. 411, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 599
Vulpia octoflora | Gramineae | sixweeks fescue | NA | Main | Grain crop, used until corn matured | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 231
Xanthium strumarium | Compositae | rough cocklebur | sakati'komuk | Medicinal | Diuretic | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 366, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 602
Yucca glauca | Asparagaceae | soapweed yucca | hupe'stola:Lakota, hupestula:Dakota | Main, Medicinal, Technical | Stalks were eaten like asparagus, petals were used in salads, immature fruits were used for food, used as soap, tea from roots used for stomach aches and labor pains | Kindscher, K. (1997) Edible wild plants of the prairie, p. 224, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 607
Zanthoxylum americanum | Rutaceae | common pricklyash | Hakusits: Pawnee | Technical, Medicinal | Young men used the fruits as a perfume, also given to horses in the case of retention of urine, treats coughs, tuberculosis, fever, sore throat, toothache | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 46, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 609
Zea mays | Gramineae | corn | Manda min:Ojibwe | Main | Corn has many uses | Smith, H.H. (1932) Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, p. 403, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 610
Zigadenus venenosus | Melanthiaceae | meadow deathcamas | e cramps | Medicinal | Apply to leg aches, swollen knees, burns, rattlesnake bites, venereal disease | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p.287, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 613
Zizania aquatica | Gramineae | annual wildrice | Psi:Dakota, Mano min: Ojibwe | Main | Used as a cereal was | Gilmore, M.R. (1991) Uses of plants by the Indians of Missouri River region, p. 15, Moerman, D.E. (1998) Native American Ethnobotany, p. 614
Zizia aurea | Umbelliferae | golden zizia | NA | Medicinal | Treat fevers, headaches | Kindscher, K. (1992) Medicinal wild plants of the prairie, p.288
Scientific name | Family | English common name | Native common names | General use | Specific uses | Reference